Questions based on this content: Module 5 – Heredity DNA & Genes: Structure of DNA, base-pairing, replication, mutations, role of RNA, protein synthesis. Inheritance Patterns: Mendelian genetics, dominance, codominance, incomplete dominance, sex-linked inheritance, pedigrees. Reproduction: Asexual vs sexual reproduction, fertilisation, meiosis, crossing over, independent assortment. Biotechnology: DNA sequencing, genetic engineering, cloning, CRISPR, transgenic organisms, ethical considerations. Module 6 – Genetic Change Causes of Variation: Mutations (point, chromosomal, somatic vs germline), environmental influences. Mutagenic Agents: Chemical, physical and biological mutagens, role in evolution and disease. Biotechnology Applications: Recombinant DNA, plasmids, transgenic crops/animals, gene therapy, selective breeding. Genetic Technologies: DNA profiling, PCR, gel electrophoresis, genetic screening, ethics and reliability. Future Directions: GMOs, human genome project, CRISPR/Cas9, implications for biodiversity. Module 7 – Infectious Disease Pathogens: Types (bacteria, viruses, fungi, protists, parasites, prions), transmission methods. Historical Context: Pasteur & Koch, germ theory of disease, Koch’s postulates. Response to Infection: First line (barriers), second line (inflammation, phagocytosis, complement system), third line (adaptive immunity, B & T cells, antibodies). Prevention & Control: Hygiene, quarantine, vaccination, pesticides, antibiotics & antivirals, education. Impact on Society: Epidemics/pandemics, cultural, economic and political effects, public health measures. Module 8 – Non-Infectious Disease & Disorders Causes: Genetics, environment, lifestyle, nutrition. Examples: Cancer, nutritional diseases (scurvy, rickets, diabetes), environmental (asbestosis), lifestyle (obesity, CVD). Epidemiology: Incidence, prevalence, mortality, morbidity, descriptive vs analytical studies. Prevention & Management: Screening programs, lifestyle changes, education, pharmaceuticals. Homeostasis: Principles of negative feedback, endocrine & nervous system regulation, examples like thermoregulation and blood glucose. Technologies: Hearing/vision aids, organ and tissue transplants, prosthetics, rehabilitation strategies. (Medium)